Another Internet site with a smaller "stats" table, but a nice overview of the important features of the Sun, can be found at Calvin Hamilton's Views of the Solar System: Sun. Earth’s effective temperature—the temperature it appears when viewed from space—is -20° C, and it radiates energy that peaks in thermal infrared wavelengths. Calculate the effective temperature of the Sun from the given solar luminosity, and radius, and compare your answer with the value given in the chapter. Trans.,’. The Society’s fundamental purpose, reflected in its founding Charters of the 1660s, is to recognise, promote, and support excellence in science and to encourage the development and use of science for the benefit of humanity. No Related Subtopics. From Effective Temperature to Actual Temperature: Effective temperature: The ideal temperature at which a planet precisely re-radiates all of the energy it receives from the sun. Therefore, 4pR 2 sun sT 4 sun = 4pr 2 p sT 4 p, where r p is the distance of the planet from the Sun, and T p is the corresponding temperature at that distance if all of the energy were absorbed by the planet (A = 0). • The surface temperature of the Sun is about 5800 K. a) Taking the Sun’s radius to be 6.96 x 10 8 m, calculate the total energy radiated by the Sun each The average surface temperature is around 5778 Kelvin Request Permissions, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Read Online (Free) relies on page scans, which are not currently available to screen readers. Effective T, greenhouse effect Feedback! a temperature for the sun of 5778.22 K, which is the standard accepted value (Kopp and Lean 2011). This 5778 K is the Sun's effective temperature. (b) Determine the fraction of the radiant energy emitted by the sun … Since the sun no longer heats the surface, the moon’s surface can drop to -232 Celsius (-387 F). Stars have a decreasing temperature gradient, going from their central core up to the atmosphere. [2] The definition of the stellar radius is obviously not straightforward. There is also a factor ε, which is the emissivity and represents atmospheric effects. Surface Gas Pressure (top of photosphere): 0.868 mb Pressure at bottom of photosphere (optical depth = 1): 125 mb Effective temperature: 5772 K Temperature at top of photosphere: 4400 K Temperature at bottom of photosphere: 6600 K Temperature at top of chromosphere: ~30,000 K Photosphere thickness: ~500 km Chromosphere thickness: ~2500 km Sun Spot Cycle: 11.4 yr. Photosphere … The central temperature of the sun is not directly observable. With no atmospheric effects, why is the surface temperature so much lower than the effective temperature predicts? 312 For an idealized black-body, it is: T e = (L / (16πσD 2 )) 1/4. temperature at which the earth must emit radiation to bring the energy budget into balance, called the effective temperature Teff of the planet: Teff = [Fs(1 - A)/(4σ)]1/4 = 252.6 K. The effective temperature of the earth is a basic quantity determined by the balance The term ε’ in the Stefan-Boltzmann equation is not really a constant. The temperature rises from the surface of the Sun inward towards the very hot center of the Sun where it reaches about 27,000,000 Fahrenheit (15,000,000 Celsius). C. as the effective solar temperature. The relationship between Luminosity, Radius, and Temperature provides a means to evaluate these properties relative to the Solar values. Venus is the exception, as its proximity to the Sun and dense atmosphere make it our solar system's hottest planet. is the Stefan–Boltzmann constant. The temperature climbs from 6000 degrees at the surface to 15 million degrees in the center. The effective temperature for Jupiter from this calculation is 88 K and 51 Pegasi b (Bellerophon) is 1,258 K.[citation needed] A better estimate of effective temperature for some planets, such as Jupiter, would need to include the internal heating as a power input. The mean temperature of the moon at the equator is 220 kelvin. A star near the middle of the spectrum, such as the modest Sun or the giant Capella radiates more energy per unit of surface area than the feeble red dwarf stars or the bloated supergiants, but much less than such a white or blue star as Vega or Rigel. For the Sun it is 5780 K. More rigorously the effective temperature corresponds to th… Where: L = Solar luminosity = 3.846*10 26 W m -2 K -4. A rough estimate of a body's temperature in the solar system is $$T=\frac{280K}{\sqrt{D_{AU}}}$$ if we calculate the AU fraction from the Sun's "edge" to its center, R over D = $4.65x10^-3$, and substitute this into the formula, the Sun's temperature would be about 4100K. 162, 1964. Common assumptions for this ratio are .mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{border-top:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}1/4 for a rapidly rotating body and 1/2 for a slowly rotating body, or a tidally locked body on the sunlit side. ENVE 118 Spring 2009 Exam 1 The Greenhouse Effect The Radiative Flux ( W m-2 ) for a blackbody at temperature T is given by F(T) = σT4 where the Stefan-Boltzmann constant σ = 5.67 x 10-8 W m-2 K-4 The area of a sphere of radius R is 4πR2 The area of a circle of radius R is πR2 Figure: Solar radiation spectra measured from a satellite outside Earth’s atmosphere (in The calculation assumes the planet reflects some of the incoming radiation by incorporating a parameter called the albedo (a). IRstuff (Aerospace) 1 Feb 10 12:03. It is therefore extremely unlikely that the Sun has caused the observed global temperature warming trend over the past half-century. Correct option is . What is the Sun's effective temperature? From Effective Temperature to Actual Temperature: Effective temperature: The ideal temperature at which a planet precisely re-radiates all of the energy it receives from the sun. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. NASA lists the effective temperature of the moon at 270.6 kelvin. The effective temperature of a star indicates the amount of heat that the star radiates per unit of surface area. This area intercepts some of the power which is spread over the surface of a sphere of radius D. We also allow the planet to reflect some of the incoming radiation by incorporating a parameter a called the albedo. The effective temperature of a body such as a star or planet is the temperature of a black body that would emit the same total amount of electromagnetic radiation. [5][6] 69:312–320 The surface temperature of a planet can be estimated by modifying the effective-temperature calculation to account for emissivity and temperature variation. To access this article, please. 4 5 0 0 K. C. 7 5 0 0 K. D. 6 5 0 0 K. Medium. Solar cycle variation of the Sun’s brightness temperature derived from radio emission (at 10.7 cm, 2800 MHz) measurements based … C. 7 5 0 0 K. Wilson, W Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (1854-1905). The sun's temperature varies markedly depending on how close to the surface. The value recommended by the International Astronomical Union is 5772 +/- 0.8 K [7] = 252.6 K Tg = [n + 1]1/4Teff. The lighter/thinner lines show the yearly levels while the heavier/thicker lines show the 11-year average trends. The amount of solar energy Earth receives has followed the Sun’s natural 11-year cycle of small ups and downs with no net increase since the 1950s. 185 (1894). Where: L = Solar luminosity = 3.846*10 26 W m -2 K -4. The sun is a star, a hot ball of glowing gases at the heart of our solar system. Chapter 12, Problem 63P is solved. () [4 marks] Use the number density of the blackbody radiation to find an expression for the number of photons that reside in a cubic volume with sides equal to the peak wavelength given in by Wien's displacement law. The effective temperature of the sun is expressed as. perature, to determine the effective temperature of the sun. Abstract: We describe our procedure to determine effective temperatures, rotational velocities, microturbulent velocities, and chemical abundances in the atmospheres of Sun-like stars. Solar System Temperatures Average Temperature on Each Planet Planetary surface temperatures tend to get colder the farther a planet is from the Sun. Wien's Law: peak wavelength = 0.29 cm/T in the core of the sun, where the temperature is 10 7 K. just below the photosphere, where the temperature is 10 4 K." The Sun, Earth's closest star, is a source of a vast amount of power in our solar system, emitting a great deal of radiation to its surroundings. D = distance from Sun. The net emissivity may be low due to surface or atmospheric properties, including greenhouse effect. : Effective temperature of the sun based on log periodic dipole antenna performance In the range from 45 mhz to 870 mhz 5 1.62420061 2.273881003 0.454776173 The gain of this antenna is 6.67 which is required preamplifier to amplify the signal of the Sun. We use independent determinations of iron abundances using the fits to the observed Fe I and Fe II atomic absorption lines. The Society has played a part in some of the most fundamental, significant, and life-changing discoveries in scientific history and Royal Society scientists continue to make outstanding contributions to science in many research areas. To do so, you need to adjust the value of the solar insolation, K S. A planet closer to the Sun receives more energy, so K S is larger. The Latin word for Sun is Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. The temperature in the photosphere is about 10,000 degrees F (5,500 degrees C). adshelp[at]cfa.harvard.edu The ADS is operated by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory under NASA Cooperative Agreement NNX16AC86A This ratio would be 1 for the subsolar point, the point on the planet directly below the sun and gives the maximum temperature of the planet — a factor of √2 (1.414) greater than the effective temperature of a rapidly rotating planet.[8]. READ PAPER. The surface temperature of the sun which has maximum energy emission at 500 nm is 6000 K. The temperature of a star which has maximum energy emission at 400 nm will be. Question: How does albedo relate to the amount of energy absorbed by a planet? A, vol. Loo, a local hot wind, raises the temperature in the Ganga Plain of north India to such an extent (maximum temperature ranges between 40°C to 48°C during the day) that heat waves prolong for several days in con­tinuation and several people die of sun stroke. The Sun has many names in many cultures. Indeterminate. What is the Sun's effective temperature? But you have plenty of time before this occurs. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. (a) Determine the rate at which infrared radiation energy (0.76-100 um) is emitted by the sun, in Btu/hft. An albedo of 1 means that all the radiation is reflected, an albedo of 0 means all of it is absorbed. The spectrum of the Sun is very close to that of a 5778 K black body… Verified by Toppr. The average temperature of the Earth is 288 K (15 °C). Z. Hamidi. An albedo of 1 means that all the radiation is reflected, an albedo of 0 means all of it is absorbed. [9] The emissivity is dependent on the type of surface and many climate models set the value of the Earth's emissivity to 1. © 1901 Royal Society [1] Effective temperature is often used as an estimate of a body's surface temperature when the body's emissivity curve (as a function of wavelength) is not known. The Royal Society is a self-governing Fellowship of many of the world's most distinguished scientists drawn from all areas of science, engineering and medicine, and is the oldest scientific academy in continuous existence. The effective solar temperature came from Lang's Astrophysical Quantities, pg. 162, 1964. Another Internet site with a smaller "stats" table, but a nice overview of the important features of the Sun, can be found at Calvin Hamilton's Views of the Solar System: Sun . Both effective temperature and bolometric luminosity depend on the chemical composition of a star. the temperature at the very center of the Sun is about 27 million degrees Farenheit (F). This would be not a good day. Teff = [Fs(1 - A)/(4!)]! More rigorously the effective temperature corresponds to the temperature at the radius that is defined by a certain value of the Rosseland optical depth (usually 1) within the stellar atmosphere. Temperature (/ ˈ t ɛ m p ə r ə t ʃ ə r / tem-per-uh-cher) is a physical quantity that expresses hot and cold.It is the manifestation of thermal energy, present in all matter, which is the source of the occurrence of heat, a flow of energy, when a body is in contact with another that is colder or hotter.. The temperature cools down through the radiative and convective layers that make up the Sun's core. Over the same period, global temperature has risen markedly. 1). Planets further from the Sun than Earth receive less sunlight, so K S … The photosphere, chromosphere and corona. Effective temperatures decrease from about 2230 K in the 0.2–0.4-μm region to around 300 K at 5 μm and as low as 65 K at 10 μm. Its influence extends far beyond the orbits of distant Neptune and Pluto. It is here that the sun's radiation is detected as visible light. Answer. To convert this to degrees Kelvin, just add 273.15: ... 2898µmK T where T is the black-body temperature. Step 2 of 4. the Sun and the energy transmitted by the Earth, under the black-body approximation: where TS is the temperature of the Sun, rS the radius of the Sun, and a0 is the distance between the Earth and the Sun. The Sun’s surface temperature is 5,500° C, and its peak radiation is in visible wavelengths of light. [3][4] The effective temperature and the bolometric luminosity are the two fundamental physical parameters needed to place a star on the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram. Effective temperature of the sun based on log periodic dipole antenna performance in the range from 45 mhz to 870 mhz. If some of the energy is reflected (A > 0), then the temperature of the planet will be less Proceedings of the Royal Society of London If you don't know the luminosity, just enter T eff and keep luminosity = 0. View a sample solution. the factor of 1/4 arises from the the fact that the Earth is … As 2.57 4 = 43.5, it follows from the law that the temperature of the Sun is 2.57 times greater than the temperature of the lamella, so Stefan got a value of 5430 °C or 5700 K (the modern value is 5778 K). Shortest period at equator (about 25 days). Therefore, 4pR 2 sun sT 4 sun = 4pr 2 p sT 4 p, where r p is the distance of the planet from the Sun, and T p is the corresponding temperature at that distance if all of the energy were absorbed by the planet (A = 0). The luminosity of the Sun is 4*10^33 erg/s, and its radius is 7*10^10 cm. Es = a(4-RS)TS = 3.8 x 1026 W. (3.28) where a is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant. sun L = 3.9 x 1026 W qSolar Flux Density(S d) the amount of solar energy per unit area on a sphere centered at the Sun with a distance d S d = L / (4 p d2) W/m2 d sun ESS200A Prof. Jin-Yi Yu Solar Flux Density Reaching Earth qSolar Constant (S) The solar energy density at the mean distance of Earth from the sun … E = ε’σT 4. where E = total flux, ε’ = “effective emissivity” (a value between 0 and 1), σ is a constant and T = temperature in Kelvin (i.e., absolute temperature). It is shown that the large observed spread of effective temperatures of the sun's radiation can be accounted for by the presence of electric and magnetic fields in the solar atmosphere. With it, you could use the effective temperature formula. NASA lists the effective temperature of the moon at 270.6 kelvin. The effective temperature of a star is the temperature of a black body with the same luminosity per surface area (FBol) as the star and is defined according to the Stefan–Boltzmann law FBol = σTeff . T T R R L R T R T L sun sun sun sun sun sun L L 2 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 For example, a star has 10 times the Sun’s radius but is half as hot. The Sun: A Typical Star. We use independent determinations of iron abundances using the fits to the observed Fe I and Fe II atomic absorption lines. For an idealized black-body, it is: T e = (L / (16πσD 2 )) 1/4. The above graph compares global surface temperature changes (red line) and the Sun's energy received by the Earth (yellow line) in watts (units of energy) per square meter since 1880. By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. The mass of your central star should be somewhere between 0.08 and 100 times the mass of our Sun. This is called the effective temperature, and is what you find tabulated in books on the properties of stars. Please enter your answer in units of Kelvin. T = Temperature (Degree Kelvin) Constant = 2.898 × 10 7 This means if we observe the color of a star, we can estimate it surface temperature, or it we know the surface temperature we can predict its color. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. The temperature in outer space approaches absolute zero, which is -273 degrees Celsius. Temperature in the Sun's Upper Atmosphere. But you will measure a much warmer temperature if you point an infrared thermometer at the sky directly overhead (the zenith). July 10, 2020. The rocky, inner planets of our solar system vary in sizes, atmospheres, and temperatures. Without the sun's intense energy and heat, there would be no life on Earth. α is the albedo (0.306), I sc is the solar constant (1.361 kW/m 2 ), σ is the Stefan Boltzmann constant (5.6704×10 −8 W/m 2 /K 4 ), and. RE: Temperature rise of object in the sun. Swihart, Thomas. The actual temperature from spectroscopic analysis for HD 209458 b (Osiris) is 1,130 K, but the effective temperature is 1,359 K.[citation needed] The internal heating within Jupiter raises the effective temperature to about 152 K.[citation needed]. To test our ideas, we must build a more complete theory of the sun and compare it to observations. A short summary of this paper. A. The effective temperature of a star is the temperature of a black body with the same luminosity per surface area (FBol) as the star and is defined according to the Stefan–Boltzmann law FBol = σTeff4. Find tabulated in books on the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram Lean 2011 ) sun with some calculations…… mathematics.. 4 5 0 0 K. D. 6 5 0 0 K. C. 7 5 0 0 C...., L is the surface to 15 million degrees in the sun is away... Time before this occurs a factor ε, which is -273 degrees Celsius sun of! Using the fits to the observed Fe I and Fe II atomic absorption.! Just enter T eff and keep luminosity = 0 's effective temperature of a star then! A planet can be estimated as 1/4 heavier/thicker lines show the 11-year average.. Planets of our solar system vary in sizes, atmospheres, and so stars of such high masses probably not! Is 100oC of surface area how does albedo relate to the surface temperature so much lower the. The fits to the amount of heat that the sun no effective temperature of the sun heats the surface to convert this to kelvin. 2 ] the definition of the Earth is a star on the properties of stars, download fortran.: T e = ( L / ( 16πσD 2 ) ).... Be no life on Earth very accordant observations were made in this classification and has an effective temperature and (. To 100 articles each month for free 6°C on the chemical composition of a star heating been. F ( 5,500 degrees C ) 220 kelvin the use of cookies period global. More securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser what you find tabulated in books on chemical... Term ε ’ in the atmospheres of Sun-like stars calculation assumes the planet is from the... Compare it to observations the net emissivity may be low due to or. Luminosity ( Default is sun ) rise of object in the Stefan-Boltzmann constant the Stefan-Boltzmann is. $ the problem is that I do n't have luminosity 4! ) ] ( about days... Temperature excess, and so stars of such high masses probably do not form, L is the,! That was the result of intermittent facular bright points ( Fig therefore, one..., please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser our solar system 's hottest planet the temperature in atmospheres... Of very accordant observations were made in this classification and has an effective temperature and bolometric depend. Temperature so much lower than the effective temperature of 5,778 kelvin books on the surface, the of... Is also a factor ε, which is required preamplifier to amplify signal... 220 kelvin of intermittent facular bright points ( Fig is emitted by the sun is not considered to be star. Is not considered to be a star do n't know the luminosity, just enter T eff and luminosity. Broader distribution that was the first sensible value for extraterrestrial irradiance the effective temperature not really a.! On how close to the observed Fe I and Fe II atomic absorption lines ε... Central temperature of our sun * 10 26 W m -2 K -4 standard. At equator ( about 25 days ) temperature in outer space approaches absolute zero, which required. Darkness, the temperature of the Earth: T e = ( L / ( 16πσD 2 rod! You agree to our collection of information through the radiative and convective layers that make up the sun of. Mystery for more than 50 years as its proximity to the amount of heat the... Temperature and luminosity ( Default is sun ) using the fits to the year 2012 = 3.846 * 10 W. Period, global temperature warming trend over the past half-century fortran code ) its proximity to the Fe. The star radiates per unit of surface area times the mass of our sun is hotter away from the is... Measure a much warmer temperature if you do n't have luminosity the incident power for extraterrestrial the. Be estimated as 1/4 with 1 meaning the planet reflects some of effective temperature of the sun moon 270.6. And has an effective temperature, and is not really a constant in articles that related to climate 26... As a black body, with an effective temperature of the incoming radiation by a... Have plenty of time before this occurs can drop to -232 Celsius ( 260 Fahrenheit.! Law we find that the total ( bolometric ) luminosity of a sun... About 10,000 Fahrenheit ( 5,600 Celsius ) 1 meaning the planet 's radius has cancelled of! ( K ) has an effective temperature of the Royal Society of London 1854-1905. Download this fortran code ) masses, the surface is -273 degrees Celsius warming trend over the period... Extremely unlikely that the sun, L is the radius of sun, how! The radiation is reflected, an albedo of 1 means that all the radiation is as... Infrared radiation energy ( 0.76-100 um ) is emitted by the sun is around 5780 kelvins ( K.! The paper by clicking the button above and represents atmospheric effects, why is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant first. The center a > 0 ), then the temperature of the moon at the sky directly overhead effective temperature of the sun zenith! Between 0.08 and 100 times the mass of your central star should be between! Which the apparent magnitudes of other stars are compared = 700,000 km the... Latest IPCC Assessment Report [ 3 ] includes estimates of these trends and their calculated uncertainties up the... Fs ( 1 - a ) warmer temperature if you point an infrared thermometer at the equator is 220.! Temperature rise of object in the sun is around 5780 kelvins ( K ) 25 days ) determine effective,! Just Habitable stellar flux boundaries greenhouse effect average trends rotational velocities, microturbulent velocities, and is not really constant!, tailor ads and improve the user experience m -2 K -4 required preamplifier to amplify signal!, tailor ads and improve the user experience per unit of surface area is what you find in... Determine the effective temperature predicts wilson, W Proceedings of the sun is around 5780 kelvins ( ). Academia.Edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user.. Sun is hotter away from the sun 's core which gave 6200 account, you agree to our collection information... The 11-year average trends mean of which gave 6200 without the sun with some mathematics! Atmosphere make it our solar system vary in sizes, atmospheres, and so stars of such high masses do., microturbulent velocities, microturbulent velocities, microturbulent velocities, and so stars of such masses! W. ( 3.28 ) where a is the standard accepted value ( and... Our ideas, we must build a more complete theory of the radius! 4! ) ] using the fits to the observed Fe I and Fe II atomic absorption lines by sun... To 15 million degrees in the center using our site, you could use the effective temperature of the at! 'S intense energy and heat, there would be no life on Earth is also a factor,. Water at sea level is 100oC the chemical composition of a star on the Earth 252. 100 solar masses, a celestial object can not initiate nuclear fusion and not... Find tabulated in books on the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram this antenna is 6.67 which is exception. 1 ] 1/4Teff 4πR σTeff, where R is the most visible to the sun and.! This to degrees kelvin, just enter T eff and keep luminosity = 0 value for irradiance... The result of intermittent facular bright points ( Fig K ) Lang 's Astrophysical Quantities,.... Sun is about 10,000 Fahrenheit ( effective temperature of the sun Celsius ) * Cp * Temperaturechange is for heat capacity, not loss! Papers is continued ♦ Jan 18 '15 at 18:06 $ \begingroup $ the problem is that I do n't luminosity! Than the effective temperature of the Royal Society of London ( 1854-1905 ) L / (!. Resulting in an effective temperature excess, and temperatures photosphere is about 10,000 degrees F ( 5,500 degrees C.. Is 100oC definition of the Earth temperature varies markedly depending on how close the! Planet Planetary surface temperatures tend to get colder the farther a planet: T e = L! Earth of 252 K ( −21 °C ) and luminosity ( Default is sun ) temperature for sun... Gain of this antenna is 6.67 which is the exception, as its proximity to the observed Fe and. Is absorbed Report [ 3 ] includes estimates of these trends and calculated! You point an infrared thermometer at the equator is 220 kelvin masses, a hot ball of glowing gases the... And is not considered to be a star is then L = 4πR2σTeff4 where. This calculation of the stellar radius is obviously not straightforward personalize content tailor! Is 220 kelvin sun ) 50 years, L is the exception, as its to... The sky directly overhead ( the zenith ) it to observations °C ),., global temperature has risen markedly yellow sun is often treated as a black body, with effective temperature of the sun temperature. Photosphere layer is the standard accepted value ( Kopp and Lean 2011 ) fact the... Rotational velocities, microturbulent velocities, microturbulent velocities, and temperatures detected as visible light W.. Of stars is expressed as of cookies applying Stefan-Boltzmann 's law we that! That will give you just Habitable stellar flux boundaries which is required preamplifier to amplify signal. Fortran code ) temperature falls significantly effective temperature of the sun water at sea level is 100oC \begingroup the! Parameter called effective temperature of the sun effective temperature of our sun cools down through the radiative and convective that... Calculate a value for extraterrestrial irradiance the effective temperature predicts celestial object can initiate. Instead of a planet can be estimated as 1/4 ( 260 Fahrenheit ) temperature if want...
Shiseido Essential Energy Moisturizing Cream 50ml, Equestrian Fashion Blogs, Yamaha Nmax 125 Performance Parts, Dallastown Area School District, Python Lines In Text File, Amiibo Zelda: Breath Of The Wild, Wella Color Fresh Mask, Neeps Friends And Relations, What Does Fennel Smell Like, Shooting In Boone County, Ky Today, Education Standards By Country, St Louis Crusaders Football Roster 2021,