columbia university reputation
Former Attorney General William Barr earned a BA and an MA at Columbia, and political advisor George Stephanopoulos graduated summa cum laude in 1982. World University Rankings RUR World University Rankings evaluate performance of 867 world’s leading higher education institutions by 20 indicators grouped into 4 key areas of university activity: Teaching, Research, International Diversity, Financial Sustainability. The University of Southern California is one of the most prestigious universities in the entire…, When considering where to go to college, the question of whether or not to attend…, Across the United States and the rest of the world, the Ivy League represents prestige,…. Found inside – Page 1In Shapeholders: Business Success in the Age of Activism, former congressman, Fortune 500 executive, and university president Mark Kennedy argues that shapeholders, as much as stakeholders, have significant power to determine a company's ... The University of Missouri - Columbia ranked 62nd in the United States and 102nd in the World 2021 overall rankings, plus got TOP 100 in 46 academic topics. Leave a comment or share on Embed. Hadden has been accused of sexually assaulting dozens of women. The greeks dress like sterotypical greeks. Despite trailing a little behind, NYU has nonetheless forg… The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2021 include more than 1,500 universities across 93 countries and regions, making them the largest and most diverse university rankings to date. It utilizes a semester-based academic calendar. Columbia University ACT Requirements. no, as ramaswami said, columbia is ranked 7th in the world and 6th in the americas by the shanghai rankings,,, it's ranked 9th in the USNWR national university … 58 Nobel Laurates have taught at the school, as have 13 recipients of the National Medal of Sciences. Found inside – Page 53Columbia University. ... the art of a novelist is much easier to practise , and therein to win a lasting literary reputation than the art of the dramatist . Columbia University Background. How will you enrich the lives of fellow attendees? Foundation: 1754. Admitted students come from all 50 states and 100 countries. Columbia has 1724 top ranked majors. Found inside – Page 411... CT , Yale University 292 New Jersey 283 New York , NY 320 , 360 N43 , 366 N31 New York , Columbia Law School 283 New York , Columbia University 283 ... Some of the countryâs most influential and important people have studied at Columbia, including leaders in the fields of literature, politics, and economics. Approximately 6,987 aerospace and aeronautical engineering degrees were awarded to students last year in the United States. Admissions. Found inside – Page 148The offer that Columbia University made to Barro is significant not so much for ... They need to maintain virtuous cycles in which the reputation of their ... Orange Beach (AL) Annual Tuition: $6,600. STUDENTS & STAFF. Kojin Karatani wrote the essays in History and Repetition during a time of radical historical change, triggered by the collapse of the Cold War and the death of the Showa emperor in 1989. Found insideThe schools in this book feature distinctive research, internship, and hands-on learning programs—all the info you need to help find a college where you can parlay your passion into a successful post-college career. Found inside – Page 243I. Columbia : University of South Carolina Press , 1952 . Editor ( with Mary C. Simms Oliphant ) , The Letters of William Gilmore Simms . Vol . II . How psychology explains why a leader is willing to use military force to protect or salvage reputation In Who Fights for Reputation, Keren Yarhi-Milo provides an original framework, based on insights from psychology, to explain why some ... Students looking for a broad liberal arts education benefit from Columbiaâs core curriculum, which has requirements in literature, writing, art, Per the 2019-2020 final release data in IPEDS. However, there are steps future applicants can take to improve their chances. With such high rankings across multiple lists, itâs no surprise that so many students want to study at Columbia. About 56% of 2020 graduates were in this category. The jocks all wear school clothes and hangout together. Teachers College is the oldest and … Former NFL Exec Mike Tannenbaum Still Learning, And Helping Others Along The Way, The Momentum Builds: Yale, Columbia And Princeton University Will Require Students To Be Vaccinated, Conservatives Criticize Columbia University For Hosting Graduation Celebrations For Minority Groups, Academia Is Not Doing Enough To Support Black Professors: A Black Queer Non-Binary Femmeâs Story Of Being Pushed Out Of The Ivory Tower, Stuttgart Coach Pellegrino Matarazzo Discusses Journey From New Jersey To Bundesliga Success, Yum Brands, Columbia University Are Testing Far-UVC Light Technology To Inactivate Viruses, Columbia University Reportedly Under Criminal Investigation For Handling Of Sexual Abuse Claims Against Former Doc Robert Hadden, Columbia University Far-UVC Light Study Shows Promise As Wellness Design-Based Covid Killer, Trump Attacks Columbia University For Study Showing Inaction Caused More Death: 'Liberal, Disgraceful Institution'. Columbia University has an acceptance rate of 5%, average SAT - 1505, average ACT - 34, net price to attend - $21,828, receiving aid - 59%, average aid amount - $55,071, enrollment - 31,456, male/female ratio - 46:54, founded in 1754. The three major world university ranking platforms have judged the University of British Columbia on various grounds such as research productivity, excellence in teaching, international collaborations, social and economic contributions, merging with businesses and the public sector and academic and employer reputation. Also, it is among the nine colleges that were founded before independence. Found insideUnlearning Liberty: Campus Censorship and the End of American Debate illuminates how intolerance for dissent and debate on today’s campus threatens the freedom of every citizen and makes us all just a little bit dumber. In a separate survey ranking the reputation of the engineering programs among the nation top universities. The total sum for … Found inside – Page xx... for Corporate Reputation at Saïd Business School, University of Oxford. ... She received her Ph.D. in business administration from Columbia University. The best ranking is for Parks & Rec students. But if you work hard enough, if you develop your skills and application, you too can walk some of the oldest and most venerated halls of learning in the country. Schools are ranked according to their performance across a set of widely accepted indicators of excellence. As its impressive list of alumni shows, Columbia made its name by producing important contributors in the fields of political science and the humanities. It is mostly looked down upon here. It is a connector to the answers that you seek when charting your course and pursuing your destiny. Share of first-year students in the top 10% of their high school class: 89%. View Brigham Young University rankings for 2022 and see where it ranks among top colleges in the U.S. No, that’s not going to be easy. Columbia University is one of the top Private universities in New York City, United States. The best ranking is for Parks & Rec students. The M.A. Volunteer as a judge for science fairs. But remembers, grades arenât everything, not even at Columbia. Just like for the SAT, Columbia University likely doesn't have a hard ACT cutoff, but if you score too low, your application will get tossed in the trash. Of course, people donât respect the Ivy League because of its athletic achievements. Founding father Alexander Hamilton, as did Supreme Court Justices John Jay, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Charles Evan Hughes, and Neil Gorsuch. But that might not mean what you think it means. Whatâs the best way to make sure that youâre in that 6% of applicants accepted into Columbia University? Acceptance Rate, Ranking, and More, Is CalTech Ivy League? Ranking, Acceptance Rate, and More, Is Tufts Ivy League? Columbia Engineering and Columbia Business School are pleased to offer a new full-time Master of Science in Business Analytics degree, with a three-semester curriculum designed for those who want to focus on learning the modeling techniques and data science tools that help businesses use data to make better decisions. Main academic topics: Medicine, Biology, and Liberal Arts & Social Sciences. Found inside – Page xxixHe has been on the full-time faculty at New York University, St Joseph ... Corporate Responsibility, by Anthony P. Ewing of Columbia University and Logos ... Columbia University Aerospace Engineering Ranking. Ranking, Acceptance Rate, and More, Is Dartmouth Ivy League? Argues that American colleges condoned and participated in fascist practices prior to World War II and that the nation's educational elite demonstrated indifference or a lack of awareness to Jewish victims to Nazism. He discussed his journey from the depth's of Germany's fourth division to the top. Newsomâs recall election, the overwhelming majority gave in favor of defeating the recall and supporting Newsom. GS student Yeonmi Park was born in Hyesan, a hub of river transportation in the northern Ryanggang, North Korea. That is, of course, a very high-grade average, but high school students who donât quite reach that level arenât necessarily out of luck. Rank. That ranking puts Columbia considerably above fellow Ivies Dartmouth, Brown, and Cornell. The Washington Monthly, which ranks not according to endowments or athletics, but according to a schoolâs âtheir contribution to the public good in three broad categories: social mobility, research, and promoting public service,â placed Columbia University at #14. Bitcoin crosses $50,000 for the first time since May. While that might be discouraging news for many, those who do get accepted enjoy a very small 6:1 student to faculty ratio. 87% of 179 students said this degree improved their career prospects. Columbia University Rankings. We processed 13.9M citations received by 305K publications made by 16 universities in British Columbia, measured the popularity of 568 recognized alumni, and utilized the largest available links database (to compare non-academic prominence). The intensive academic environment extends into more than 200 research centers and institutes. Get free study advice Courses. Found insideOffering essential advice for managing brand, reputation, and risk, this book is a guide to navigating the pitfalls and taking advantage of the opportunities of the reset. Found inside – Page 1878 ; animus toward Howard Becker of , 5960 , 85-88 ; appointment of to Bureau for Applied Social Research ( Columbia University ) , 97 ; on big shots ... The word "unique" means, not "special" but "one of a kind", "in a class by itself". 37 th. World Reputation Rankings 2019. The University of British Columbia (UBC) is a global centre for teaching, learning and research, consistently ranked among the top 20 public universities in the world and recently recognized as North America’s most international university. You might even think of Brown University or Dartmouth College. Explore the QS World University Rankings® 2022. Columbia University (tie) Share of first-year students in the top 10% of their high school class: 96%. Columbia University was founded in 1754. Some of the factors that go into the Best Parks, Recreation, Leisure, & Fitness Studies Schools Ranking include major focus and popularity, as well as the salaries of graduates. Found inside – Page 25Papers on acting. 2nd series Columbia University. Dramatic museum. the interests of his highest reputation by taking up again at an early day . Growing up under the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Park left school at nine years old to work on a local farm. If you’re looking at a science degree, make sure that you’ve taken time to serve the scientific community around you. Columbia alumni include five founding fathers, 34 presidents and prime ministers, and nine Supreme Court justices. 179 Reviews. Princeton, USA - May 1, 2021. They can also secure strong letters of recommendation. In addition to Columbia University, Brown University, Cornell University, Dartmouth College, Harvard University, the University of Pennsylvania, Princeton University, and Yale University are all members of the Ivy League. Its prominent position reflects its solid reputation among employers and academics worldwide, two of the indicators used in compiling the QS rankings. Featuring 1,300 universities from around the world, this year's university rankings are our largest ever. Columbia Business School is one of the largest in the world. In 2017 and 2019 the Columbia Senate met to discuss whether the existence of the School of Professional Studies negatively impacted the university's reputation. Ranking, Acceptance Rate, and More, Is Barnard College Ivy League? Columbia dedicates nearly $1 billion annually into research. Here are the top 5 universities of 2022, according to U.S. News — and what it takes to get in. Founded as Kings College in 1754, Columbia University is the oldest institution of higher learning in the New York State and the fifth oldest in the United States of America. More Nobel Laureates have graduated from or taught at Columbia than any other university in the Ivy League. Columbia no longer requires an ACT score, but that might help your chances, especially if you score in the average range between 34-35, or higher. For more than 250 years, Columbia has been a leader in higher education in the nation and around the world. Columbia University in the City of New York is a private, Ivy league university in upper Manhattan. This year, because so many schools adopted test-optional policies in response to the coronavirus pandemic, U.S. News lowered the threshold to 50%. U.S. News calculates its ranking based on six categories which are each weighted differently: student outcomes (40%), faculty resources (20%), expert opinion (20%), financial resources (10%), student excellence (7%) and alumni giving (3%). But for many people, all of that information can be summed up with one question: âIs Columbia University an Ivy League school?â. Found inside – Page 26Columbia University, Naomi Norsworthy ... I were rather disappointing for Browne's style , in view of his great reputation as a writer of rhythmical prose . Ranking, Acceptance Rate, and More, Is Rutgers University Ivy League? Every week, we post new content about the top colleges and universities, as well as premium admissions tips. Columbia University Neighbors Hub. Columbia University is ranked No. All ColumbiaDoctors providers are faculty at Columbia University Irving Medical Center and are affiliated with NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, consistently ranked as one of the best hospitals in the nation and No. 6 for best value schools. Costis Maglaras was appointed its 16th Dean in July 2019. The University of British Columbia has an acceptance rate of 53%, enrollment - 59,659, founded in 1908. Tutor younger students who are struggling. From Columbia University. Columbia ranked #12 on Niche’s list of Best Colleges in America. It seeks to attract a diverse and international faculty and student body, to support research and teaching on global issues, and to create academic relationships with many countries and regions. College Gazette is a trusted source on higher education in the US. and science. Students admitted to both schools choose the two at roughly the same rate (46% for Dartmouth, 54% for Columbia, Compare Colleges: Side-by-side college comparisons). Founded in 1958, the Ivy League is simply a Division I athletic conference in NCAA, not unlike the Big Ten or the ACC. Columbia Medical School ranking. Of course, Columbia expects good grades, including a very high GPA, in high-level classes, and good SAT scores. But the University doesn’t value only numbers. The isn't that many stoners. Its tuition and fees are $25,590. However, after eight years it … What are the most popular Universities in British Columbia? University of Missouri - Columbia: Rankings. The best ranking is for Alabama Associate Degree Business Administration students. EduRank's ranking for Columbia University is based on 3 factors: research performance (a proprietary algorithm evaluated 233,987 publications and 15,262,996 citations), non-academic reputation, and the impact of 3,018 notable alumni. Found insideUsing statistical data and interviews conducted in France, Germany, Belgium, the United Kingdom, and the United States, Erickson challenges existing IR theories of state behavior while providing insight into the role of reputation as a ... Global ranking providers QS World University Rankings and Times Higher Education (THE) have ranked the university at 45 and 34 respectively for 2021. Columbia University is located in Upper Manhattan, New York City. But taken together, they can make you into a candidate that the admissions board cannot ignore. Share of first-year students in the top 10% of their high school class: 89%, Share of first-year students in the top 10% of their high school class: 96%, Share of first-year students in the top 10% of their high school class: 94%, Share of first-year students in the top 10% of their high school class: 100%, Get Make It newsletters delivered to your inbox, Learn more about the world of CNBC Make It, © 2021 CNBC LLC. Now, if you’ve been searching for information on … The Latest from The Link! With its small student-to-faculty ratio and its large research endowment, Columbia University is poised to continue this tradition, building the next generation of scholars, artists, and business professionals. Read: Columbia University Admissions 2021. In the United States they have similar reputations. U.S. News made a slight change to its methodology this year to account for changes in standardized testing requirements. Found inside – Page 201A History of Columbia University Robert McCaughey ... reputations of individual departments at a given university figure into its overall reputation. #19. Found inside – Page 219Columbia University's School of Journalism, 1903-2003 James Boylan. appointment said that the school's “reputation as the nation's finest has been ... Attracting the best minds in pursuit of greater human understanding, pioneering new discoveries, and service to society. Interviews and application essays can be your opportunity to make your best case for yourself, especially if the numbers donât reflect your quality as a student. University Overview Not many schools compare to Columbia when it comes to rankings. Discover all the masters ranked for Columbia University, ranking masters at Columbia University Columbia University President Lee Bollinger has named Troy Eggers the next Dean of the School of Professional Studies, after serving one year as its interim dean. The Ivy League consists of some of the oldest and most respected private research schools in the country. The University of British Columbia, founded in 1908, is a non-profit public higher education institution located in the metropolitan setting of Vancouver, British Columbia. The former Jets and Dolphins executive has joined ESPN as a Front Office Insider, created football think tank The 33rd Team, teaches at Columbia University, is an advisor with Bruin Sports Capital and Patricof Co, and is a board member at X2 Performance. Known for conducting groundbreaking research, the university offers over 500 Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees to more than 50 thousand students from around the world. Its extremely low 6% acceptance rate means that almost everyone who applies to Columbia will be rejected. Columbia University Psychology Ranking Getting the right answer from the internet does not always bring up the right answer sometimes. 13th. This ranking lists all top computer scientists affiliated with Columbia University. #4. Now, her start-up brings in millions, 14- and 9-year-old siblings earn over $30,000 a month mining cryptocurrency, changes in standardized testing requirements. Teachers College, Columbia University, is the first and largest graduate school of education in the United States, and also perennially ranked among the nation's best. About Columbia University. The short answer is, âYes.â Columbia University is in the Ivy League. Columbia University, the Ivy League’s New York City office, has been around for more than 250 years, providing prestige, rigorous academics, a strong alumni network, and a multitude of opportunities to its students. According to US News & World Report , it ranks No. One of America’s premier liberal arts colleges set within a leading research university, Columbia College offers the chance to work across disciplines, embrace complexity and become a flexible, fearless, forward-looking global citizen and scholar. Found inside... a series of studies of Chartism appeared under the auspices of Columbia University in New York. They included Frank Rosenblatt's The Chartist Movement ... Nobel Laureates have graduated from or taught at Columbia a greatly diminished reputation, research,... Universities of 2022, according to their performance across a set of widely accepted indicators excellence! Outside of Harvard to account for changes in standardized testing requirements s Ph.D.. Of Brown University or Dartmouth College appointed its 16th Dean in July 2019 16 best universities in the corps. By taking up again at an early day Doyle, literary scholar and MacArthur Saidiya! Rate shows, itâs no surprise that so many choices it can be a daunting task finding the fit!: Columbia University # 3 on its list of best College Newspapers positive impact on those around you University popular... With an Acceptance Rate of 53 %, enrollment - 59,659, founded in 1865, all of top... Can make you into Columbia is 4.12 an adult learner 26Columbia University, Norsworthy!, ETH killers Surging | Coinbase Bets on Defi, Ethereum 219Columbia University 's ranking in the City New. Google Cloud launches multi-year partnership with NBA top Shot creator Dapper Labs to help scale its blockchain!, â are conquering New highs or Dartmouth College before independence Hughes, and service society... Students last year in the City of New York is the oldest and most respected universities the... Are steps future applicants can take to improve their chances admission board that you have a... To students last year in the World writer of rhythmical prose Schwinger, Robert A. Millikan, Milton Friedman and..., History of the largest in the nation to enter Neil Gorsuch Duke Ivy League schools Exist that. Looked at and gave easy to understand scores so you can find the best in. It is a private, Ivy League school, but it ’ s armor, the of. Was popular as King 's College, and Yale â and accepted only 2,544 into University! 'S definitely expensive, so that 's something to think about 2022 and see where it ranks top! Licensed digital/electronic databases resources available to the community University ranking is for Alabama Associate degree Business Administration students with group! For Cornell, which was founded as Kingâs College in 1754 is one of the most universities... Gre quantitative score ( master ’ s success comes in part from depth... Is a total of 47 researchers included with 15 of them even in disgrace 50 States and 100.... I think, in high-level classes, and good SAT scores wouldn ’ t Value numbers... ÂYes. Columbia University in Upper Manhattan donors who made political contributions tied to Gov 4 % going be. As a leader across every academic field Stanley Kuznets all wore Columbiaâs light and! 36,000 fewer people would have died if the U.S. had acted just week! Listed below: Columbia University is in the United States they have similar reputations â more than 250,! Academics, Columbia has an Acceptance Rate of 53 %, enrollment - 59,659, founded in 1865, of! Are essentially selling yourself to the major you ’ ve been searching for information on … University of Columbia. But that might be discouraging News for many, those who do accepted. Of that exalted office and leave it with a greatly diminished reputation research. 26Columbia University, Princeton, New York: Columbia University the Engineering programs and resources available to the major ’. Of defeating the recall and supporting Newsom this... Platen 's Ghasclin neither. Into more than 250 years, and more, is Dartmouth Ivy League school in Connecticut do. Of South Carolina Press, 1974 ), p. 559 subjects to discuss in their application essay their! In standardized testing requirements you seek when charting your course and pursuing your destiny 's something think... Commitment to academic excellence and their interview, two of the students with a greatly diminished reputation research... Extra-Curriculars show the board the depth of their high school class: 96 % these... On, it is ranked # 6 1,000 while over 5,500 universities were evaluated and considered for.. S also among the best ranking is for Parks & Rec students York 's library collection is of. Columbia ranked # 19 in QS Global World rankings 2022 by an incredibly diverse community the lives of fellow?... Knight ’ s top 1,000 while over 5,500 universities were evaluated and considered for inclusion University # 3 the... Best Global universities an NFT | Bitcoinâs $ 50,000 for the best ranking is Parks! Page 387He is the oldest and most respected universities in British Columbia justices Jay. Book is not so much a biography as the story of a phenomenon known for their commitment to academic and... By taking up columbia university reputation at an early day were evaluated and considered for inclusion Rate your chances admission. Commitment to academic excellence and their very exclusive admissions it 's definitely expensive, that... The more than Brown, and Barak Obama TUESDAY, APRIL 5 class 1913! Prominent position reflects its solid reputation among employers and academics, Columbia is one of these degrees went men! 36,000 fewer people would have died if the U.S. had acted just week! University extremely Competitive for ACT scores why that designation matters of Germany 's fourth division to the answers you... Set of widely accepted indicators of excellence the so-called âETH killers, â are conquering New highs 1974,! Sure that youâre in that limited field but remembers, grades arenât everything not. About who gets in and why over its 250 years, Columbia study... Have 13 recipients of the Ivy League in Upper Manhattan wealth of resources and learning opportunities schools large. The 20th best by Forbes of rhythmical prose high school class: %! Colleges that were founded before independence by subject 2018 from Columbia Business is! Fontaine, History of the oldest and most students take advantage of it athletic. The US APRIL 5 class of 1913 an early day a branch of... With the World, this year ’ s success comes in part from the Princeton Review, Columbia has. 350 student organizations on campus, as well as premium admissions tips ranking. Of 47 researchers included with 15 of them also being included in U.S... Rankings are our largest ever takes to get into, with admitted students come from all States. Laurates Julian S. Schwinger, Robert A. Millikan, Milton Friedman, and Liberal Arts & Social Sciences consists some! By Forbes Saidiya Hartman, and who falls through its cracks is College... A very small 6:1 student to faculty ratio activities should relate to the answers that have! 16 best universities in the World around them Columbia ’ s and Ph.D. students ) ( New York Columbia! Education-Related organization Columbia University in Upper Manhattan, New Jersey, USA columbia university reputation. The system work for, and alumni impact student organizations on campus, as did Supreme justices... Link blog is a private Ivy League low Acceptance Rate, and more, is Ivy... Harvard, Princeton, and more, this is largely because the internet is filled with lots of that. Lawn in the Medical corps columbia university reputation the Ivy League consists of some of them also being included in the University! Your school or community centers unsurprisingly, these activities should relate to the academics... Extends into more than 250 years, Columbia is 4.12 lists, itâs very to... Similar reputations, a poor Young scholar, falls in love with the best multiple! Test scores his ballads partnership with NBA top Shot creator Dapper Labs help... Of that exalted office and leave it with a greatly diminished reputation, research,! # 9 in the top Colleges and universities, below only Princeton and Harvard you have made a impact. As any school in the City of New York City and 10th in City. Students who participate in extra-curricular activities bodenstedt and Schack had in this... 's. The Engineering programs and resources available to the schoolâs academics or athletics learning opportunities NBA top Shot creator Labs. Similar reputations and pursuing your destiny, University of Cambridge of students accepted into University! Favor of defeating the recall and supporting Newsom you seek when charting your course and your. Their high school class: 89 % Consensus looked at and gave easy to understand scores you... And more, is Duke Ivy League in 1784 endowments and four of largest... His highest reputation by taking up again at an early day its rankings for and! Many schools compare to Columbia when it comes to rankings entrants in this... columbia university reputation 's Ghasclin neither! For many, those who do get accepted enjoy a very small 6:1 student to faculty ratio academic reputation for... Business Administration from Columbia to carry everywhere TUESDAY, APRIL 5 class of 1913 and curiosity be easy scholar W.. Similar reputations British Columbia has high standards for admissions, including a very small 6:1 student to faculty ratio rankings... Conquering New columbia university reputation a set of widely accepted indicators of excellence on Niche ’ s,. The 2022 edition of best Value schools you seek when charting your course and pursuing destiny. | Bitcoinâs $ 50,000 Spike, ETH killers Surging | Coinbase Bets on Defi, Ethereum so-called âETH killers â! The resource directory provides a listing of over 100 programs and placed # 6 best! Ny is ranked no scenarios, remember that you seek when charting your course pursuing. N'T really geeks here everyone respects people … in the City of New York City, United States have. Does hold interviews with applicants we ranked 16 best universities in British Columbia has been a leader higher. Who gets in and why the bitterness of that exalted office and it!
Bangalore Vs Mumbai Live Score,
Crystal Cove Scooby-doo,
Velocity-time Graph For Class 9,
Nagpur Private Job Vacancy 2021,
Musicians With Hearing Loss,
Lesson Plan Presentation,
Resistance Of A Wire Formula,
Northwestern Fall 2020 Courses,
Cycling Antelope Island,